• Charlie Bourne given Award of Merit by ADI (later named ASIS) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• MADAM is implemented on IBM 1401 computer with 8k of storage space and four magnetic tape units ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• NSF awards funds to Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and OSU to establish programs in information science ( Altman, 1993 ). Also begins to fund, along with DoD and NLM , professional scientific societies ( CAS , American Institute of Physics, etc.) to help them improve their literature services (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Chemical Notation Association is founded in the United States.
• Federal Library Committee (FLC) is established to coordinate federal library services and activities. Predecessor to the Federal Library and Information Committee (FLIC) ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (CFSTI) is established in NBS . Replaces OTS in the Department of Commerce. Begins to issue a consolidated index to federal reports. Predecessor to NTIS ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• The Medical Library Assistance Act sets up regional medical library system and makes MEDLARS available to these libraries. [Note: C.J. Austin, MEDLARS: 1963-1967 , Washington, DC: USGPO, 1968, 68pp. Is a candid description of the strengths and weaknesses of MEDLARS during this time.]
• CAS offers batch (off-line) access to users of the Chemical Titles file (Maizell, 1987 ).
• CAS provides online searching of its structure files for the National Cancer Institute.
• Computer processing of CA is introduced on a rudimentary scale. CA indexes are running about 22 months behind the close of a volume period at this time.
• Licklider publishes Libraries of the Future (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965) describing library technology systems and search systems.
• Roger Summit develops RECON (Remote Console) project, which NASA sponsors, at Lockheed Palo Alto Research Labs. System becomes operational in 1969 and is apparently the first large-scale, online, retrieval system (Lancaster, 1977 ). Predecessor to Dialog , which becomes operational in 1967 (Bourne, 1961 ).
• SDC develops COLEX system for US Air Force.
• ADI sponsors the Working Symposium on Education for Information Science (the Airlie Conference). Proceedings are published as Education for Information Science (Redmond, 1985 ).
• NSF grants $40,000 (eventually extended to $60,500) to ADI to initiate the publication, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST). Work is subcontracted to SDC . First volume is published in this year. Carlos Cuadra edits the first 10 volumes (Redmond, 1985 ).
• Partially funded by National Institutes of Health, Chemical Biological Activities (CBAC) is introduced by CAS . It was published simultaneously in printed form and on computer tape and was the first computer-produced service to include full text, searchable abstracts.
• Imperial Chemical Industries in Great Britain begins work on a project named CROSSBOW (Computerized Retrieval of Organic Structures Based on Wiswesser).
• CAS works with the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Food and Drug Administration to develop computer-based substance identification techniques. NLM uses the CAS Registry techniques to develop the Chemical Dictionary Online ( CHEMLINE ) and Toxicology Information Online ( TOXLINE ) databases.
• Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre is established by Olga Kennard in the Department of Chemistry at Cambridge University.
• CAS markets microfilms of all abstracts published since 1907.
• ISI initiates ASCA( Automatic Subject Citation Alert ) service, the first commercial personalized SDI service for scientists.
• Ampex produces Videofile, which uses stored images on videotape. First operating installation is at the Southern Pacific Company in San Francisco, CA. Can only search on 10 digit identification numbers, not by subject ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Subsidized by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation , the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, and the Office of Science and Technology, CAS Chemical Registry System begins. At first the system is only available for use in-house at CAS.
• American Petroleum Institute’s Index to Abstracts of Refining Literature database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Prosynthex I and Prosynthex II are further developed (Bourne & Hahn ).
• TEXTIR is the first system that that uses synonyms for searching, ranks output and offers a query relevance score.
• Chemical Information Data System (CIDS) is the first online system to demonstrate chemical struture online searching.
• TIP allows wild card character searching and allows storage of searches that can be later combined with other search queries (Bourne & Hahn ).
• BOLD first demonstrates term postings as a default feature (Bourne & Hahn ).
• January: BIOSIS installs an IBM 1410 computer (Steere, 1976 ).
• University of Colorado is the first operational NLM regional search center ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• April: BIOSIS begins experimental program with Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) to deliver a customized service of the biological literature. Initially, the project (called Project Expert) uses a Electrowriter-Dataphone set to the WRAIR library and BIOSIS. Abstracts are delivered via microfilm. Service is later computerized (Steere, 1976)
• 2 - 5 May: AFOSR and SDC hold the AFOSR/SDC Workshop on Working with Semi-Automatic Documentation Systems (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Summer: LAWSEARCH, a legal database delivered online or in batch mode, is developed at the Univ. of PA Law School using Multilist and the Moore School Problem Solving Facility ( Bourne & Hahn
• July: BIOSIS begins publication of Biological Titles. Name is changed to BioResearch Titles in September ( Steere, 1976 ).
• July: Automatic Direct Access to Information with the On-Line UDC System (AUDACIOUS) started at Syracuse University's School of Library and Information Science ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• August: Prosynthex II (a.k.a. LEARN) is reported as an experimental conceptual program with 47K core memory on the Q-32 military computer  (Bourne & Hahn ).
• August: TIP becomes publically available for the Project MAC community, which consists of approximately 500 people. A total of 30 simultaneous users is allowed ( Bourne & Hahn) .
• September: Information Transfer Experiments (INTREX) project planning report filed. (C. Overhage and R. Harman, eds., INTREX: Report of a Planning Conference on Information Technology Experiments , MIT Press, 1965.) (Bourne & Hahn ).
• 20 - 21 September: ARPA, SDC , and Air Force Systems Command, Electronic Systems Division hold the 2nd Symposium on "Computer-Centered Data Base Systems" ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• December: Myron "Mike" Kessler writes the TIP User's Manual and later revises it in October 1967 ( Bourne & Hahn )
• Ted Nelson coins the term " hypertext ."

• SURF is programmed in MADAM and ready for use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• NLM sets up the Toxicological Information Center.
• Chemical Society Research Unit in Information Dissemination and Retrieval is established at the University of Nottingham under the directorship of Anthony K. Kent. In 1969, it becomes the U.K. Chemical Information Service.
• MARC (machine readable cataloging program) is initiated at the Library of Congress
• SDC issues a report, "A System Study of Abstracting and Indexing in the US." Overviews and makes recommendations regarding both federal and private indexing and abstracting recommendations regarding both federal and private indexing and abstracting services ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• NSF awards over $6 million to various professional societies to develop computerized information retrieval systems in various disciplines. By 1968, another $17.7 million is awarded for these systems ( Altman, 1993 ).
• Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) becomes law (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• COSATI issues standard for cataloging of federal STI reports (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Library of Congress’ LC MARC-1 (MARC Pilot) database is made available for second-party use (Bourne & Hahn ).
• US Atomic Energy Commission’s Nuclear Science Abstracts database is made available for second-party use (Bourne & Hahn )..
• University of Southern California/National Information Center for Educational Media’s (NICEM) NICEM database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• The International Council of Scientific Unions establishes the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) to improve the quality and accessibility of scientific data collected worldwide.
• Time-Shared Data Management System (TDMS, later called Tactical Data Management System ) for use by the U.S. Air Force) developed at the SDC ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Protosynthex III used on the Q-32 time-shared system (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Textile Information Retrieval Project (TIRP) , an online bibliographic system, is developed by Roger A. Roach at MIT.  His was the first sytem that uses major and minor descriptors in the search process and automatically display alternate terms when the first search is unsuccessful.  Users can identify and remove duplicate records from searches (Bourne & Hahn) .
• University of Chicago's bibliographic database operates in batch mode ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• July: Xerox announces Direct Access to Reference Information (DATRIX), which consists of doctoral dissertations ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• 1 October: SDC-Santa Monica wins a contract bid to conduct the CIRC On-Line Experiment (COLEX) (Bourne & Hahn ).
• December: BIOSIS installs an IBM Series 360 Model 30 computer.
• American Petroleum Institute’s Index to Abstracts of Refining Patents database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).

• Dialog, nationwide online retrieval systems, becomes operational.
• Data Central system, designed for text searching for legal materials, begins. The OBAR (Ohio Bar Automated Research) systems uses this software. The LEXIS database also uses this software (Lancaster, 1977 ).
• NLM sets up a R&D program in medical communications.
• "Carter Report" on national document handling systems for scientific and technical information is published ( Emard, 1976 ).
• CAS introduces the hetero-atom-in-context system in its chemical formula index.
• US DoD establishes mechanisms for SSIE to create reports of current R & D and technology efforts into the DoD Research and Technology Work Unit Data Bank System at DDC. In 1967, this system includes approximately 30,000 reports and produces over 3,000 information reports to user requests ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• CAS’ s Polymer Science and Technology - Journals (POST-J) and Polymer and Science Technology - Patents (POST-P) databases are made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Engineering Information Inc.’s COMPENDEX (Plastics section, Electrical/Electronics section) database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• DATRIX (Direct Access to Reference Information: a Xerox service) is the first commercial search service to search a database of over 120,000 citations to dissertations, which University Microfilm Incorporated film (Bourne & Hahn) .
• West Germany's Internationale Dokumentationsgesellschaft für Chemie is founded with the cooperation of German chemical companies.
• General Purpose ORBIT developed and made available by SDC-Dayton (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Ohio State Bar Association decides to provide a full-text legal database (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Data Corporation's Data central Online System is the first online bibliographic search system that supports multi-file access and offers arithmatic searching (Bourne & Hahn ).
• NASA and USC Graduate School of Administration establish the non-profit organization WESTRAC DATACOM (WESRAC) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• January: Prosynthex I is translated to SDC's IBM 360 time-sharing system ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• January: Lockheed provides online service to NASA Ames Laboratory for two hours per day ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• June: Karolinska Institutet (School of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden) becomes a regular customer of NLM (Bourne & Hahn ).
• July: OCLC (at this time it stood for Ohio College Library Center) incorporated in Ohio (Bourne & Hahn ).

• SDC begins operation of the ORBIT online retrieval system developed by Cuadra .
• Information Industry Association is founded by Eugene Garfield , Saul Herner , and others.
• CA Condensates, an alerting service covering the full range of documents abstracted and indexed by CAS, commences. This is the first publicly available computer file to forthcoming issues of CA.
• NLM becomes a bureau of NIH and takes over responsibility for the National Medical Audio-Visual Center in Atlanta. PL 90-456 sets up the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications in Bethesda, giving the NLM major new responsibilities ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• MEDLARS II contract let and experiments begin to search remote files. Also additional experiments on MeSH .
• F. W. Lancaster performs evaluation of the MEDLARS demand search service (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Stand-alone CRT displays are perfected by this date (Emard, 1976 ).
• Crowell-Collier MacMillan Information Corporation’s PANDEX (Current Index to Scientific and Technical Literature) database is made available for second-party use (Hahn & Bourne ).
• CAS’s CA Condensates (CAC) and Basic Journal Abstracts databases are made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• ASM’s World Aluminum Abstracts database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Association of Information and Dissemination Centers is established by various private and public national and international organizations to deal with production, distribution, and use of electronic products and services.
• AUDACIOUS is the first online system to demonstrate and allow searches to use online decimal classification ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Managerial On-Line Data System (MOLDS), an online bibliographic system using batch retrieval,  is developed (Bourne & Hahn ).
• RADCOL is developed at Griffiss AFB in Rome, New York (Bourne & Hahn ).
• 1 January: ADI changes name to American Society for Information Science (ASIS) .
• 1 January: The Auxiliary Publication Service is transferred to Crowell Collier Macmillan but still under policy direction of ASIS ( Redmond, 1985 ).
• March: Bell Labs implements the BELLREL system, an online, real-time circulation and loan system using a database of the library’s online catalog database. Uses IBM 1050 terminals for access.
• April: Syracuse University's School of Library Science uses MOLDS in a demonstration called MARC on MOLDS ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• March: COLEX is the first national, widely shared online search system to use time windows to manage databases.
• Spring: TDMS is first demonstrated ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• June: CCM Information Corp., a subsidiary of Crowell Collier Macmillan, acquires PANDEX ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• June: NLM awards Computer Services Corp. (CSC)the MEDLARS II contract, which is later given to SDC ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• July: INTREX prototype demonstrated in West Berlin (Bourne & Hahn ).
• August: AUDACIOUS demonstrated at the Technical Library of Denmark (Bourne & Hahn ).
• August: Library Education Experiement (LEEP), a search system that operates in batch mode, begins at Syracuse University's School of Library Science (Bourne & Hahn ).
• 18 October: Formal dedication ceremony for SUNY BCN, the first widely available longterm online search system.  It consists of 500,000+ records, the largest ever, with in-depth monograph indexes.  It is the first to incorporate library holding information with specific output records.  SUNY BCN is the first service to host annual user conferences (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. of Boston, MA ( BBN ) awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs), predecessor to the Internet.
• Tymnet goes into service as a part of Tymnshare, Inc., creating a nation-wide online commercial computer network.
  

• The US NASA issues the "SATCOM Report" on scientific and technical communication (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• The U.K. Consortium on Chemical Information, the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, and CAS form a partnership to develop and operate a common, computerized information system for chemistry and chemical engineering.
• Skolnik introduces his "multiterm" indexing concept, a combination of Taube and Luhn (Skolnik, "Milestones," 197 6 ).
• U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) begins offering online search service RECON (remote console) to NASA facilities. Uses DIALOG software developed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Corporation.
• NASA software, which Lockheed develops, is used as testbed for ERIC system.
• Lockheed Information Retrieval Service is established. Software is based largely on the NASA RECON project. Generally is considered to be the first commercial large scale online system ( Pinelli, et al., 1992) .
• NAL makes CAIN (Cataloging and Indexing) tapes available to state and other agricultural libraries ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 )
• U.S. Department of Defense implements ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) to demonstrate how communications between computers could promote cooperative research among scientists ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ). Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) constructed the first four-node network.
• August-September: Delivery of first IMPs to UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI), making the ARPANET a reality. Larry Roberts , principal developer (sometimes called "father of the ARPANET.")
  
• Excerpta Medica Foundation’s Excerpta Medica database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Defense Documentation Center (DDC) begins work on a multilevel, secure, remote online retrieval system, later named DROLS (Defense RTD&E Online System), which became operational in 1972.
• Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) issues first report (AD 696-200)on the Machine Aided Indexing (MAI) project, which began in 1967.  Developed incrementally over the next few years and became fully operational in 1978; used as a adjunct to manual indexing.  Paul H. Klingbiel, project manager.(Wallace, 1995 ) 
  
• Institute of Textile Technology’s Textile Technology Digest database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• US Department of Education’s ERIC database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Great Britain's Chemical Notation Association is founded.
• Chemisches Zentralblatt ceases publication.
• Elias J. Corey and W. Todd Wipke of Harvard University develop the OCSS-LHASA (Organic Chemical Synthesis Simulation-Logic and Heuristics Applied to Synthetic Analysis) synthesis planning system. Beginning with a molecular structure input by light pen or mouse, the system suggests starting materials and reactions to produce the molecule.
• Japanese Information Center for Science and Technology begins online service of its database. Hand-drawn chemical structures were used by CAS prior to this time.
• On an experimental basis, U.S. National Library of Medicine begins offering online access service, known as AIM-TWX (Abridged Index Medicus Accessed by Teletypewriter Exchange Service), to the MEDLARS database.  Uses ORBIT software developed by System Development Corporation.
• TDMS used with the online thesaurus FTD project  as well as the CIRCOL project ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• DATRIX demonstrated at the ASIS annual meeting ( Bourne & Hahn) .
• Syracuse University's School of Library and Information Science is the first academic institution to introduce and use online searches in their classroom instruction (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Syracuse University Psychological Abstracts (SUPARS) is introduced on campus  in order to study users' search patterns and preferences (Bourne & Hahn ).
• ERIC is first demonstrated online ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Data Corporation is one of the earliest online systems to demonstrate word proximity searching ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• International Labour Office (ILO) starts News In-House Search Service (ISIS ) system, an online search service ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• BALLOTS system operational at the Stanford libraries (Bourne & Hahn ).
• March: BIOSIS initiates BA Previews, a machine-searchable tape service on a lease basis.
• 26 March: The New York Times decides for the first time to allow outsiders access to its research files through a planned online search system called New York Times Information Bank ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• September: ESRO/RECON online system is operational (Bourne & Hahn ).
• The Space Division of GE develops and actively markets the GESCAN Rapid Search Machine (RSM), a high speed tape search system. It "searched linearly on natural text with word and phrase searching at a rate of about one million words per minute" ( Bourne & Hahn ).

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