• NASA   Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) is established (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• ASM is the first organization to offer machine-readable bibliographic records for others to search using their own computer equipment (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Institute for Scientific Information , formerly Eugene Garfield Associates, publishes first issues of Index Chemicus (briefly called Current Abstracts of Chemistry ), a monthly alerting service to new chemical compunds and reactions. It features a computer-based molecular formula index constructed from chemical names.
• CAS publishes first five monthly samples of Chemical Titles ( CT); bi-weekly issues begin in 1961. CT is first periodical to be organized, indexed, and composed almost completely by computer and to use Hans Peter Luhn's KWIC method.
• First standardized business computer programming language. Name: COBOL , CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) develops.
• Charles Bourne's article summarizes the last 10 years of developments in mechanized information retrieval. Noted the following: 1). USAF had funded most of the research in the area; 2). Edge punched cards were being used extensively in retrieval systems and antcipated even greater use in next few years. Chief among these are the EAM ( electronic accounting machines ) of IBM (he listed some of these); 3). Computer equipment and magnetic media were finding extensive use in generating catalogs and indexes for manual systems. Bourne listed several magnetic media systems in use at the time; 4). Image storage systems were being used to some extent, with the Filmorex and Kodak Minicard systems being most extensively used (others were listed) ( Bourne, 1961 ).
• L. R. Bunnow, Douglas Aircraft Company implements a machine readable record that produces multiple products, notably, catalog cards and subject bibliographies, using machine searching. Kilgour ( 1970 ) considered this a major breakthrough in the use of machine techniques in libraries and information centers.
• Mooers founds the Rockford Research Institute to do research in information science. Develops the TRAC computer language as part of this work.
• BioSciences Information Exchange is expanded and is renamed Science Information Exchange of the Smithsonian Institution. Later is renamed Smithsonian Science Information Exchange Inc. (SSIE). SSIE is given federal funding to provide a mechanism to document and to inform those interested and qualified to receive information about unclassified federal-funded R & D projects. This effort is hoped to help avoid R & D duplication ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Rese Information Systems develops the FINDAFACT 2510 which is made for the Department of Office Procedures and Data Processing at a GE faciltiy in Philadelphia. The system is created for file maintenance and searching. It is compatible with the IBM 1401 and uses magnetic tapes and IBM punched card equipment for query input and search output ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Heatwole Associates in Washington, DC develops the Heatwole H-44. It can search at least 1,000 documents per minute ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• FMA, Inc. of El Segundo, CA, develops the commercial version of the Rapid Selector. By mid 1963, this system is installed at the US Navy Central Research Section of the Bureau of Ships and at the RADC Laboratory in Rome, NY ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• ASM’s Review of Metal Literature (Metals Abstracts Index) is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• First demonstration of computer searching of full text information at the University of Pittsburgh ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• CAS and the Union of American Biological Societies (later, its information service known as ( BIOSIS--BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts ) agree to exchange abstracting services to avoid duplication of efforts.
• U.S. National Science Foundation begins funding research and development on new information handling projects at CAS, then led by Dale B. Baker, director, who is soon joined by Fred A. Tate, director of the research department .  These projects include the Chemical Registry and a comprehensive national computerized chemical information system and by 1974 this funding exceeds $23 million.
• SATIRE (Semi-Automatic Information Retrieval) developed by SDC's Strategic Air Command Control System Department (SACCS) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• January: BA and CA agree to an exchange of abstract reprinting services as well avoid duplication of efforts. First data processing center is established at BA (previously contracted with IBM for earlier work) (Steere, 1976 ).
• January: ASM begins offering their Metals Documentation Service (ASM/MDS), which is based on research work completed at CDCR about the coding and searching of metallurgical literature as well as pilot searching ( Bourne & Hahn  
• March: Semi-Automatic Information Retrieval (SATIRE), a system using punched cards for a in-house library, is described at an IBM information retrieval workshop in San Jose, CA, by creator John Roach, ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Early in the year, ASTIA installs a Univac Solid-state 90 computer system to assist in the file-searching operations of DoD technical reports (numbering in excess of 650,000).  Collection uses Uniterm headings.  By late 1960, the system is searching magnetic tape files of the records, handling as many as 10 simultaneous searches using a maximum of four retrieval term coordinations for each search. ( Bourne, 1963 )
  
• May: Synthesis of Complex Verbal Material (Synthex) proposal is submitted to ARPA.  Synthex is an analog to Vannevar Bush's Memex ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• May: First editon of the ASTIA (Armed Services Technical Information Agency) Thesaurus issued. Used to index Technical Abstract Bulletin . (Foskett )
  
• October: ADI hires its first full-time executive director, John B. Kaiser ( Redmond, 1985 ).
• 5 - 7 October: ASTIA holds a conference on " Controlling Literature by Automation " ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• December: Robert Morgan, business law professor at Oklahoma State University, demonstrates "Points of Law" approach at the annual Oklahoma Bar Association's annual meeting ( Bourne & Hahn ).

• Licklider carries out studies on libraries of the future, funded by the Council on Library Resources.
• American Institute of Chemical Engineers publishes Chemical Engineering Thesaurus, derived from the DuPont Technical Information Thesaurus, developed by Mortimer Taube as a consultant to the DuPont Company's Engineering Information Center.
• Saul and Mary Herner's study of the coverage of federal scientific and technical reports concludes that very few are covered by non-governmental abstracting and indexing services (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Committee on Scientific Information (COSI) is established within FCST to coordinate federal information activities. COSI is predecessor to COSATI (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Rapid Selector is installed at the BuShips Publications and Information Retrieval Branch and by late 1963 is installed at the Data Processing Systems Division of NBS ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• First operation or public demonstration of Magnavox’s Magnavue, an outgrowth of the Magnacard system ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• First operation or public demonstration of Ferranti-Packard’s Rapid Access Lookup system--a quick catalog lookup system ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• The WALNUT system is first demonstrated publicly although development of the system started in 1957 at IBM . "It is a high speed mechanical storage and retrieval system that stored and moved a large number of photographic or page images on separate film strips at high speeds and then retrieved those images by record number" ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Magnavox develops and first demonstrates its MEDIA ( Magnavox Electronic Data Image Apparatus ) system, which involves high speed handling of film strips containing photographic images ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• The Avco Corporation develops the Verac 903, which uses film sheets instead of film chips or roll film like other systems of the decade. According to Bourne, "no complete Verac system was ever installed and used in an operational setting"  (Bourne & Hahn ).
• February: BA publishes its millionth abstract (Steere, 1976 ).
• 5 October: Navy Libraries hold 6th Meeting of the Council of Librarians of the East Coast Navy Laboratories ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• July: Q-32, a single file, single terminal military computer with 64K word core memory, arrives at SDC in Santa Monica, CA, in 12 flatbed trucks ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• 15 October: Subject index of BA (called BASIC--Biological Abstracts Subjects in Context ) issue of this date is prepared using the KWIC indexing system. At first, BASIC is issued as a free separate journal but later on a subscription basis ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• November: The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) is first demonstrated (Bourne & Hahn ).
• AAAS Gordon conferences on "Scientific Information Problems in Research" are initiated ( Emard, 1976 ).
• "Science Information Specialists" conferences are held at the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Emard, 1976 ). Robert S. Taylor (1976 ) said that this was the first time that a distinction had been made between specialist and scientist and between information technology and information science. He also said that these conferences had a significant impact on the establishment of the School of Information and Computer Science at Georgia Tech, the Center for the Information Sciences at Lehigh University, and the program in Information Science at Drexel University.

• Based on earlier work done by Donald J. Gluck and colleagues at Dupont, CAS's Harry L. Morgan develops an algorithm to translate two-dimensional structural diagrams into a tabular form (or connection table) that can be manipulated and searched via computer. This algorithm becomes fundamental to the CAS Chemical Registry System (Skolnik & Reese, 1976 ).
• April 21-October 21: LIBRARY-21, an ALA sponsored exhibit at Seattle's World's Fair, is visited by 1.8 million people. LIBRARY-21 includes a UNIVAC Solid State 90 computer , which allows storage of personalized bibliographes from 8,400 annnotated book titles, quotes from 74 authors, and gazetteer information on 92 nations of the free world (Bourne & Hahn ).
• ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) of the US Dept. of Defense, establishes the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO).  IPTO becomes a significant force in several areas of computing research, notably graphics, artificial intelligence, time-sharing operating systems, and networking. (Abbate, 1999)
• Paul Baran , RAND Corporation, studies how the US military could maintain its command and control system network after a nuclear strike.  The objective was to build a decentralized system that would enable communications between locations, even if some were destroyed.  Final report by Baran described several ways to accomplish this including a recommendation for a packet switched network.
• The Monsanto Information Center, St. Louis, MO, produces a bookform catalog for its seven libraries using a computer based system. May be the first computer produced union library catalog? ( Kilgour, 1970 ).
• Luhn implements his proposed SDI system in the IBM Library at Oswego, NY (first proposed in 1958). System is based on processing new acquisitions in the library so that personalized service can be provided to users ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• SDI system is implemented at Douglas Missile and Space Systems Division using a single machine readable input from catalog cards, new acquisitions, etc. ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Telstar I , first communications satellite, is placed in orbit ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Depository Library Act, PL 87-579 , becomes law. Requires all federal agencies to submit list of publications to GPO for possible distribution ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• ASTIA issues Thesaurus of ASTIA Descriptors , 2nd ed.
• "Crawford Report" on scientific and technical communications in government is submitted to US President’s Special Assistant for Science and Technology (Emard, 1976 ). Recommends that each federal agency have one office responsible for science information and that government-wide clearinghouses for federal R&D be created (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Fritz Machlup publishes his Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the US. Includes an economic analysis of knowledge production, the various methods of producing knowledge, and the various occupations associated with the industry (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• USDA Library is designated the National Agricultural Library (NAL) (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• The Benson-Lehner Corporation develops the COMAC MARK II, which sells for approximately $20,000 ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• The Aeronutronic Division of Ford Motor Company develops the Aeronutronic File Search Evaluator, one of the last special purpose magnetic tape searching systems. This system is designed under a contract with the USAF Rome Air Development Center and is known as the Search Evaluator AN/GSQ-38. Search speed of 45,000 cps ( Bourne & Hahn  
• The Information Retrieval Corporation and Litton Systems, Inc. develop and build the CRIS ( Command Retrieval Information System ) system. This system is an outgrowth of earlier work which Garfield and Avakian completed. The system cannot perform subject searches and can only retrieve using a CRIS image location number ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Robert E. Maizell (Olin Corp.) and Charles N. Rice (Eli Lilly) begin using CAS tapes to produce in-house alerting service for chemists. Similar program is developed for students by Purdue University at about the same time.
• April: First (?) reported computerized circulation system at Picatinny Arsenal using an IBM punch card system.
• July: SDC begins Centralized Information Reference and Control (CIRC) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Fall: IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center implements automated circulation system.
• Xerox acquires University Microfilms (Eugene Powers develops the company).

• "Weinberg report" (US President’s Science Advisory Committee) issues report on federal scientific and technical information. Notes that: "government agencies must accept responsibility for the transfer of information in the same degree and spirit that they accept responsibility for research and development itself" ( Shera & Cleveland, 1972 ).
• SRI establishes data communication link to operate between it and the SDC (approx. 400 miles) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Kessler develops the concept of bibliographic coupling
• First reliable commercial use of VDT’s for computer display. DEC develops in PDP-1.
• First issues of Science Citation Index are published. Garfield calls this the "most risky decision of my business career" (Garfield, 1983 ).
• MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System), an off-line batch service, begins operation from the National Library of Medicine ( Kilgour, 1970 ).
• University of Sheffield Postgraduate School of Librarianship and Information Science is founded and two years later begins extensive research program in computerized retrieval methods for chemical and textual databases.
• George E. Vladutz , a Soviet chemist, enunciates the basic idea for a computerized retrieval system for chemical reactions.
• With funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) publishes the first issue of Genetics Citation Index ( GCI) and the prototype of Science Citation Index ( SCI ), relying on computer indexing. While GCI is not continued, SCI is first offered commercially in 1964.
• Air Force Cambridge Lab Library catalog cards in upper and lower case using a computer-like device, the Crossfiler, from paper tapes of card images. The Friden Flexowriter is used to print the cards (Kilgour, 1970 ).
• With NFAIS sponsorship, Robert Heller and Associates publish a report, "A National Plan for Science Abstracting and Indexing Services," proposing an "organization X" to act as a buffer between discipline and mission oriented services ( Kilgour, 1970 ).
• Walter Reed Army Institute of Research develops the Army Chemical Typewriter, which enables the input of chemical structures to a computer using a paper tape punching machine ( Weisgerber, 1997 ).
• First (?) computer time-sharing system is developed and is used at Harvard University ( Mooers, 1976 ).
• For the first time, the ADI annual conference proceedings are computer-produced prior to the annual conference. Luhn chiefly responsible for development ( Heilprin, 1988 ).
• The Computer Department at GE develops the Search Computer in 1961, but it is not publicly demonstrated until 1963. Searches magnetic tape and can search 180,000 words per minute ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• First operation or public demonstration of the Recordak Corporation’s (a subsidiary of Eastman Kodak) MIRACODE (Microfilm Information Retrieval Access CODE). This system is an indexed microfilm product and is used mostly for business record collections ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• NASA’s database is made available for second-party use (Bourne & Hahn ).
• Defense Documentation Center's (DDC) Technical Abstracts Bulletin (TAB) is made available for second-party use--but restricts its availability ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Aslib's Cranfield II experimental indexing evaluation research project begins, under direction of C.W. Cleverdon.  ( Foskett, 1977 )  (For a useful explanation of the Cranfield, and other, indexing experiments see the following site: http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/CLEF2/vorhees.pdf  )
• A remote online search system  is publically demonstrated for the first time by SRI.  The public sees a mouse for the first time ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• March: John Roach describes SATIRE while attending  an information retrieval workshop in San Jose, CA ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• May-December: Bourne demonstrates prototype online retrieval system at Stanford Research Institute ( Bourne & Hahn  
• 26 - 30 May: Library of Congress, NSF , and CLR hold the conference on "Libraries and Automation" ( Bourne & Hahn  
• June: SDC's begins operation of its TSS-0 time shared system ( Bourne & Hahn ) .
• 10 - 11 June: ARPA and SDC hold a symposium on "Development and Management of a Computer-Centered Data Base" ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• September: SDC's Command and Control Division in operation ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• October: John Roach describes SATIRE at the ADI annual meeting.  He says the system us upgraded, replacing EAM equipment with an IBM 1401 (Bourne & Hahn ).
• November: The Technical Information Project (TIP) moves from operating in batch mode to a MAC system time-share ( Bourne & Hahn ).

• First MEDLARS products are issued: January 1964 issue of Index Medicus. By end of the year, the Demand Search Service is started where searches of the file are done in response to requests. MEDLARS consists of: computer system for bibliographic organization and analysis; rapid composing unit that was computer controlled-- GRACE: Graphic Arts Composing Equipment ; analysis and revision of the medical literature indexing system [See pictures of the computer equipment in Adkinson’s Two Centuries of Federal Information , pp. 68-69).] ( Adkinson, 1976 ).
• Martin M. Cummings becomes director of NLM. Adkinson (1978 ) gave him significant credit for development of the MEDLARS system and development of the library as an international center for biomedical communication.
• Carlos Cuadra publishes his "Key Contributions in IS..." article in AD and concludes that you cannot use textbooks, bibliographies, or citations to identify the key contributors in the field. Advised the field that this had important implications for teaching IS ( Cuadra, 1964 ).
• Douglas Englebart develops the mouse as an input device. Used shortly thereafter for manipulation of chemical structures in input and searching at the Lister Hill Center of the National Institutes of Health.
• Meyer Mike Kessler , of Massachusetts Institute Technology, develops Technical Information Project (TIP), an experimental online searching system.
• Science Policy Research Division, LRS, is established in the Library of Congress to overview STI policy research for reports to Congress. Later is developed into Congressional Research Service ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Committee on Science Informtion (COSI) becomes US Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (COSATI), with broadened scope to include standard and policies. Pinelli, et.al. ( 1992 ) noted that it provided effective leadership for 10 years.
• CAS inaugurates Experimental Chemical Registry System, assigning unique numbers to each new substance.
• Responsibilities of NSF and the President’s Office of Science and Technology (OST) are clarified: OST will take responsbility for coordinating federal STI services and organizations and NSF will deal with non-federal STI services and organizations. Both will provide assistance and funds for development of storage and retrieval systems ( Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Office of Education within DHEW establishes Educational Information Services. This is the first stage in the development of the ERIC system (Pinelli, et al., 1992 ).
• Thesaurus of Engineering Terms, 1st ed. (Engineers Joint Council, NY, 1964).  Later revised and titled Thesaurus of Scientific and Engineering Terms (TEST), 1967.  ( Foskett )
• University of Tulsa’s Petroleum Abstracts database is made available for second-party use ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Derwent Publications’ Ringdoc, Plasdoc, Agdoc, Farmdoc, and Vetdoc databases are made available for second-party use (think in 1964?) ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• Moderately Advanced Data Management (MADAM) and Support of User Records and Files (SURF) developed at the SDC in Santa Monica, CA ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• TIP, the first search system that uses a database of over 25,000 records, is the first online system that can retrieve citations by bibliographic coupling or cited references and allows a searcher to save output, provide online output or provide offline printing.  TIP allows left-trunation searches and Boolean searching ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• PRIME is used at the IBM Technical Information Retrieval Center (ITIRC) (Bourne & Hahn ).
• IBM's QUIKTRAN system is demonstrated.  It allows for remote entry and output of batch programs ( Bourne & Hahn) 
• The first bibliographic research service, called Law Research Service, is made commercially available ( Bourne & Hahn)
• Data Corporation, which later evolves into Lexis Corporation, is established in dayton, OH ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• January: GE-Valley Forge creates an online system that uses Boolean logic search queries for retrieving bibliographic records (Bourne & Hahn ).
• March: Synthex software successfully demonstrated.  The Synthex QUEST program (stored on magnetic tape) made available on-demand. ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• April 22-October 17: The New York World's Fair offers public viewing of online bibliographic retrieval at Library/USA.This is the first time the general public sees bibliographic information and interacts remotely with librarians through a computer using standard telephone lines. This is the first online system to allow for simultaneous users for one database using search software.  Joe Becker is the main producer and reporter of this event ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• May: MIT's Myron "Mike" Kessler and Bill Mathews publically demonstrate TIP's capabilities for the first time ( ).
• September: Florida Atlantic University Library produces bookform catalog in upper and lower cases. Format used is essentially a catalog of cards (Kilgour, 1970 ).
• October: BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS) becomes official name of corporate body publishing BA ( Steere, 1976 ).
• TIP demonstrated at the FID Congress ( Bourne & Hahn ).
• December: CAS establishes the Experimental Chemical Registry System. This is called the Registry I system. Initial input is via punched cards processed by an IBM 1410 computer. Converted to paper tape punching system in 1965.

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